During the
1657-1663 years was a significant weakening of Ukraine and strengthen the
position of Poland and Moscow. As a result of adverse external and internal
conditions the Ukrainian state was actually split into two parts - the Right
Bank and the Left Bank (on the Dnieper River). The political
orientation of these parts of Ukraine was significantly different.
The current war of Russia against Ukraine causes many associations with
World War II. However, it should be noted that the Russia's modus operandi does
not change more than 800 years since the emergence of statehood of the
Finno-Ugric tribes.
No matter how the name of this country in the past - Moskoviya,
Great Russia, the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union or the Russian Federation. The
mode of action remains the same - permanent territorial conquest war. In
Russia, this process is called an innocent term "territorial
acquisitions."
European states have renounced military colonial policy, as this policy
has ceased to be profitable for them. It is time for economic expansion and
competition of economic models operating in other countries. But Russia cannot
offer to other countries the successful
economic development model, and forced to fight for its influence by means of
former military-colonial methods.
One example of this mode of action is the outbreak of the civil war in
Ukraine 1657-1663's.
During these years was a significant weakening of Ukraine and strengthen
the position of Poland and Moscow. As a result of adverse external and internal
conditions the Ukrainian state was actually split into two parts – the Left-bank
Ukraine and the Right-bank Ukraine (on the Dnieper River). The political
orientation of these parts of Ukraine was significantly different – the Left-Bank
Ukraine oriented on Moscow, and the Right-Bank Ukraine oriented on Poland and
Europe.
October 25, 1657 Korsun officers' council elected Ivan Vyhovsky as a Hetman of a Hetmanate
(Cossack Ukraine). Hetman Vyhovsky started negotiations with the Polish king
for the return of Ukraine to Poland in favorable terms of the Commonwealth.
In September 1658 in Hadyach
between the Hetman and Poland signed an agreement under which Ukraine as the
Grand Duchy of Rus was a member of the Commonwealth and created together with
Lithuania and Poland, a separate state entity - "Commonwealth of Three
Nations".
Thus, the Treaty of Hadiach was a treaty signed on 16 September 1658 in Hadiach between representatives of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ukrainian
Cossacks. It was designed to elevate the Cossacks and Ruthenians to the position equal to that of
Poland and Lithuania in the Polish–Lithuanian
union and in fact, transforming
the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth into a Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian
Commonwealth.
The specific features of the Treaty of Hadiach were:
1. Creation
of the Duchy of Ruthenia from Chernigov
Voivodeship, Kyiv Voivodeship and Bratslav
Voivodeship (The Cossack negotiators
had originally demanded that Ruthenian Voivodeship, Volhynian Voivodship, Belz Voivodeship, and Podolian Voivodeship be included as well), which would be
governed by a Cossack hetman,
elected for life from among four candidates presented by the Cossacks and
confirmed by the King of Poland;
2. Creation
of parallel Ruthenian offices, tribunal, academy (Kiev's Orthodox Collegium
would be raised to the status of an academy; a second Orthodox higher
institution of learning would be founded; and as many schools and printing
presses "as were necessary" would be established), a judicial system,
treasury and mint as existed in Poland and Lithuania;
3. The
Duchy would be connected with the Commonwealth by the common king. There would
be only one national parliament (Sejm) and one foreign policy in the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian
Commonwealth;
4. Admission
to the Senate of Orthodox ecclesiastic members: the Archbishop (metropolitan) of Kiev and other
Orthodox bishops (of Lutsk, Lviv, Przemyśl, Chełm and
Mstislav) and elevation of the Orthodox religion and Church to the same level
as Catholicism. No Uniate monasteries or churches were to be built in the Duchy
- the Union of Brest would be dissolved on the territory of
the Ruthenian Duchy;
5. Ennoblement of Cossack elders. Each year the hetman would
recommend to the king 1,000 Cossacks to receive a patent of hereditary
nobility, and up to 100 Cossacks in each military regiment could be personally
ennobled as well.
6. Establishment
of a Cossack army, in the form of
the Cossack register of 30,000. The officers of these
forces would be elected by their own members. The Cossacks' own forces would be
supplemented by 10,000 regular mercenaries, paid from public taxes. No other
Commonwealth troops were to be allowed in Rus' without the consent of the
Cossack Hetman, except in the event of war, and then they would come under the
Cossack Hetman's command;
7. Return
of land and property to Commonwealth nobility, which had been confiscated by
Cossacks after the 1648 Khmelnytsky Uprising;
8. A
general amnesty for previous crimes would be decreed.
Qualifying the signing of the Treaty of Hadiach as the
beginning of the war, Moscow began military operations against the Hetmanat.
Initially, the United
Ukrainian-Polish-Tatar troops defeated a large army of Moscow near from Konotop.
However Vygovskyy could not beat Moscow and put an end to the civil war in
Ukraine.
Instead of
searching for an understanding with the opposition Vygovskyy began terror,
which strengthens hatred to him a large part of the population of the Left Bank
Ukraine. This tactic was favorable for
Moscow. The shelves of Left Bank Ukraine rebelled against
Vygovskogo. At the same time, on the Right Bank of the opposition have forced
Vygovsky to a renunciation from Hetmanate.
The new
Hetman was elected on September 24, 1659. It was Yuri Khmelnitsky, son of
Bogdan Khmelnitsky.
Y.
Khmelnytsky signed a new treaty with Moscow. New agreement was a significant
step in an attempt to strengthen the position of Russians in the Ukrainian
lands: increasing the number of officials from Moscow and the Moscow garrisons,
the Hetman was not allowed to enter into foreign contacts without the
permission of the Moscow tsar, Cossack Management approves by Moscow.
Most of the
left bank of the Cossacks and the elders immediately opposed the signed
agreement and started to refuse to recognize the authority of Y. Khmelnitsky.
In addition, the population of the right bank was dissatisfied with a mass
return of the Polish gentry and looting Polish military.
Thus, in the
years 1661-1663 in Ukraine there was a wave of civil war and split the
left-bank Ukraine (in alliance with Russia) and the right bank (in alliance
with Poland).
In 1667
Muscovy (Russia) and Rzeczpospolita (Poland) behind Ukraine concluded Andrusovo a separate treaty, which
significantly increased the rift between the Left-Bank Ukraine and Right-Bank
Ukraine.
The terms
of the Truce of Andrusovo:
·
A truce was signed for 13.5 years during which both
states were obligated to prepare the conditions for the eternal peace.
·
Russia secured the territories of the Left-bank Ukraine, Siever lands, and Smolensk.
·
Poland-Lithuania was left with the Right-bank Ukraine, and the
Russian-occupied Belarus with Vitebsk, Polotsk, and Dzwinsk.
·
The city of Kyiv,
though situated on the right bank of the Dnieper
River, was handed over to Russia for two years under a series of conditions.
The transfer, though phrased as temporary, was in fact a permanent one,
cemented in 1686 in exchange for 146,000 rubles.
·
The Zaporizhian
Sich was recognized as a condominium of both states.
·
Both states agreed to provide a common defense against
the Ottoman Empire.
·
The right of a free trade was granted.
·
Compensation from Russia to Poland-Lithuania of
1,000,000 zloty or 200,000 rubles was agreed on for the lands of Left-bank
Ukraine.
So, Andrusovo separate agreement defined the place of Moscow, Poland and
Ukraine in international relations 60-70's. 17th century.
The effect of these events on
religious relations between Ukraine and Russia.
The transfer of Kyiv to the Russian
tsardom had far-reaching consequences. Kyiv, situated in the Greek-orthodox
part of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy before the Union
of Lublin (1569) and in the
Polish kingdom thereafter, was the seat of the orthodox metropolitan, who,
despite being formally placed under the Roman pope since the Union of Brest (1596) retained authority over the
orthodox population in Poland-Lithuania's eastern territories.
Prior to
Andrusovo, Kyiv had been an orthodox counter-weight to the Moscow patriarchate,
founded in 1589, and since the metropolitanship of Petro Mohyla hosted the Mohyla Academy which opened orthodoxy to Western
influence.
The transfer of Kyiv to Russia came only days after patriarch Nikon, who reformed the
rites within the Muscovite partriarchate, had won the upper hand over his
adversary Avvakum, resulting in
an inner-Russian schism between reformed orthodoxy and the Old Believers.
Kyiv now supplied the
Russian partriarch with an academy—Mohyla's offer to found an academy in Moscow
had previously been rejected—on whose scholars Nikon had relied already for his
reforms.
Nikon himself though, having proposed to replace the Russian simfonia (i.e. the traditional balance of
ecclesiastical and secular power) by a more theocratic model, was banned upon
his success, effectively shifting the power balance to the Romanov tsars ruling Russia since the end of
the Great Smuta (1613).
As the see of the
metropolitan, Kyiv furthermore granted Moscow influence on the orthodox
population in Poland-Lithania. "Protection" of the orthodox population,
thus became a future argument, or excuse, for Romanov interference in
Poland-Lithuania.
Related post: The chronicle of the Cossack Hetmanate
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