The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede) was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster effectively ending the European wars
of religion. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War(1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the
independence of the Dutch Republic.
The peace negotiations involved a total of 109
delegations representing European powers, including Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, Philip IV of Spain, the Kingdom of France, the Swedish Empire, the Dutch Republic, the Princes of
the Holy Roman Empire and sovereigns of the free imperial cities. The treaties that comprised the peace
settlement were:
·
The Peace of Münster between the Dutch Republic and
the Kingdom of Spain on 30 January 1648, ratified in Münster on 15 May 1648;
and
·
Two complementary treaties both signed on 24 October 1648, namely:
·
The Treaty of Münster (Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriensis, IPM), between
the Holy Roman Emperor and France and their respective allies.
·
The Treaty of Osnabrück (Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis, IPO), involving
the Holy Roman Empire, Sweden and their respective allies.
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