For Ayla Agit, the deal signed in March between Europe and Turkey to stem
the flow of migrants and refugees was a prayer answered. “Finally, we have a
chance to get a new life in Germany!” says Agit, who was driven from her home
this past October by fighting. The twist: Agit isn’t a Syrian refugee; she’s a
Turkish citizen.
Her hometown of Cizre was the scene of running street battles
between armed Kurdish militants and the Turkish army last year that left close
to 200 dead. Now she and thousands of other internally displaced Turkish Kurds
are planning to join the exodus to Europe.
Under the terms of the deal, all Turkish citizens are to be granted
visa-free travel, though not the right to work, in the 26 nations in Europe’s
border-free Schengen area. In exchange, Turkey agreed to take back all refugees
who cross into Greece using irregular means after March 20. For every person
accepted back by Turkey, the EU promised to take a Syrian asylum seeker from
camps in southeast Turkey. The Europeans will also hand over 6.5 billion euros
($7.3 billion) to help Ankara deal with the estimated 2.7 million Syrian
refugees currently on its soil.
The deal means disappointment—or at least an ongoing legal limbo—for the
thousands of Syrians, Afghans, Iraqis and people of other nationalities who
have been piling into flimsy boats since last summer to reach Greece.
But for the hundreds of thousands of Turkish citizens displaced by a
growing civil war between Kurdish separatists and security forces in Turkey’s
turbulent southeast, it’s a green light to a new life anywhere in Europe.
“Before, we had no hope of getting a German visa,” says Agit, 43, who has been
scraping out a living in Istanbul’s run-down Bayrampasa neighborhood as a cleaner
in a sweatshop that makes fake designer shoes. “The [German visa office] asks
you to prove your income with money in a bank account,” she says. Now she
doesn’t need a visa. All Agit, a widow with five children, needs to get is the
plane fare and a biometric Turkish passport. Once on EU soil, she and all
Turkish Kurds like her who can prove political persecution or a threat to their
lives if they return home are eligible to claim political asylum. Agit is
likely to qualify, as her brother is in jail for membership in an illegal
organization and police have raided her home multiple times. And thanks to a
tourism industry depressed by a series of bombings in Ankara and Istanbul,
Turkish charter airlines are offering one-way flights to Europe for as little
as $55.
It’s not quite a done deal. Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu,
returning from the marathon Turkey-EU summit, boasted to reporters that he’d
pulled off a “Kayseri bargain”—a Turkish expression meaning “a cunning deal.”
But for the visa-free agreement to be implemented in full, Turkey still needs
to pass 36 laws to bring it closer in line with EU legislation, including the
politically tricky insistence that Ankara recognize the government of Cyprus,
with which it has been locked in dispute since 1974. And there has been
opposition inside the EU too, notably from France, Greece and Austria, whose
interior minister, Johanna Mikl-Leitner, warned that the decision to turn back
new migrants and refugees to Greece risked "the EU throwing its values overboard.”
Human Rights Watch Director Kenneth Roth denounced the deal as “collective
expulsions, which are prohibited under the European Convention on Human
Rights,” and denied that conflict-torn Turkey was a safe place for migrants and
refugees. “[Turkey] is more likely to be a death trap than a place of
sanctuary,” wrote Roth in a letter to EU leaders.
Already a major flaw in the new agreement has been exposed. Turkish law
does not recognize citizens of Afghanistan and Iraq as refugees—and therefore
the EU cannot legally send citizens of those countries to Turkey. Greek
government figures show that Afghans and Iraqis accounted for 41 percent of the
125,000 people who have arrived on the Greek islands since the beginning of the
year.
While politicians argue, the people smugglers of Turkey have quickly
adjusted. If visa-free travel for Turks comes in June as planned, a Turkish
travel document will become almost as valuable on the black market as a
European one—and far easier to obtain.
Mehmet, the proprietor of an Internet café in Istanbul’s Aksaray district
(who, like others speaking about black market trading, declined to be
identified by his last name), casually clicks through a series of classified-ad
websites and Facebook pages offering fake and real passports that his clients
have been browsing. One site offers supposedly real Bulgarian passports for
around $8,950, but Turkish ones are available for just $2,795. The risk that
Middle Easterners' identity swap will be detected is lower if they use Turkish documents.
“It’s easy for Ahmed from Mosul [in Iraq] to become Ahmed from Diyarbakir [in
Turkey],” Mehmet jokes. The printers in Mehmet's hole-in-the-wall establishment
are busy all day producing paperwork to back clients’ future asylum
applications in Europe.
All around Aksaray, money transfer shops and exchange booths offer a
service that allows people to pay into a third-party account, explains Omar, a
money-changer’s clerk from the Turkish port of Iskenderun who gave only his
first name, and smugglers receive the money once their clients have made it
safely to Greece.
The March deal has put a dent in demand for sea passages from Turkey to the
Greek islands. Internet prices have fallen from around $725 before the
agreement to around $390 now. Television pictures of Turkish authorities
getting tough on boats that are smuggling people have also scared some off.
Footage filmed off Lesbos by pro-refugee activists on March 20 showed a large
Turkish coast guard cutter spinning circles around a rigid inflatable boat a
fifth of its size and packed with over 20 people, attempting to swamp the boat
with its wash (the inflatable eventually made it safely to land). Members of
the Turkish coast guard also opened fire on people traffickers attempting to
dump passengers on a tiny Greek island just hours after the deal was signed.
“The Turks got what they wanted from Europe. So now they are shooting the
boats,” says Abu Malik, a civil engineer from Kirkuk in Iraq. Malik fled with
his family to Turkey in November 2014 and has been working as a messenger in
Istanbul for six months. “The [Greek] route is for fools now. But we will find
another way.”
Some migrants and refugees are expected to turn to the sea route to Italy
from Albania or Libya, though the death rate last year on that route was nearly
one in 20, according to the International Organization for Migration, compared
with less than one in 1,000 between Turkey and Greece. And according to
Abdulrahman, a student from Qamishli, Syria, who came to Istanbul from a
refugee camp near Gaziantep in February looking for work (and declined to give
a last name), a black market has opened for places in the "line” for
Europe. Refugee camp authorities—including the Red Cross and the EU—maintain
the list. But there are professional brokers who will buy a family’s spot in
the queue and sell it, along with their IDs, to the highest bidder.
“People are desperate,” Abdulrahman says with a shrug. “They will always
find a way.”
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